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Around 650 AD, Jamaica was colonized by the people of the Ostionoid culture (ancestors of the Taíno), who likely came from South America.〔Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno."〕 Alligator Pond in Manchester Parish and Little River in St. Ann Parish are among the earliest known sites of this Ostionoid culture, also known as the Redware culture.〔Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno."〕 These people lived near the coast and extensively hunted turtles and fish.〔Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno."〕 Around 950 AD, the people of the Meillacan culture settled on both the coast and the interior of Jamaica, either absorbing the Redware culture or co-inhabiting the island with them.〔Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno."〕 The Taíno culture developed on Jamaica around 1200 AD.〔Atkinson, Lesley-Gail. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno."〕 They brought from South America a system of raising yuca known as "conuco."〔Rogozinski, Jan. "A Brief History of the Caribbean."〕 To add nutrients to the soil, the Taíno burned local bushes and trees and heaped the ash into large mounds, into which they then planted yuca cuttings.〔Rogozinski, Jan. "A Brief History of the Caribbean."〕 Taíno society was divided into two classes: ''naborias'' (commoners) and ''mitaínos'' (nobles). These were governed by chiefs known as ''caciques'' (who were male), who were advised by priests/healers known as ''bohiques''. Caciques enjoyed the privilege of wearing golden pendants called ''guanín'' and sitting on wooden stools to be above the guests they received. Bohiques were extolled for their healing powers and ability to speak with gods. The Taíno had a matrilineal system of kinship, descent and inheritance. When a male heir was not present, the inheritance or succession would go to the oldest male child of the deceased's sister. The Taíno had avunculocal post-marital residence, meaning a newly married couple lived in the household of the maternal uncle. He was more important in the lives of his niece's children than their biological father; the uncle introduced the boys to men's societies. Most Taíno lived in large circular buildings (''bohios''), constructed with wooden poles, woven straw, and palm leaves. These houses, built surrounding the central plaza, could hold 10-15 families each. The cacique and his family lived in rectangular buildings (''caney'') of similar construction, with wooden porches. Taíno home furnishings included cotton hammocks (''hamaca''), sleeping and sitting mats made of palms, wooden chairs (dujo or duho) with woven seats, platforms, and cradles for children.〔Rouse, p. 15.〕 The Taíno played a ceremonial ball game called ''batey''. Opposing teams had 10 to 30 players per team and used a solid rubber ball. Normally, the teams were composed of men, but occasionally women played the game as well.〔Alegría, p.348.〕 The games were often played on courts in the village's center plaza and are believed to have been used for conflict resolution between communities. The most elaborate ball courts are found at chiefdoms' boundaries.〔Rouse, p. 15〕 Often, chiefs made wagers on the possible outcome of a game.〔 Taino spoke an Arawakan language and did not have writing. Some of the words used by them, such as ''barbacoa'' ("barbecue"), ''hamaca'' ("hammock"), ''kanoa'' ("canoe"), ''tabaco'' ("tobacco"), ''yuca'', ''batata'' ("sweet potato"), and ''juracán'' ("hurricane"), have been incorporated into Spanish and English. The Taíno were historically enemies of the neighboring Carib tribes, another group with origins in South America, who lived principally in the Lesser Antilles but had also colonized Jamaica.〔Saunders, Nicholas J. (''The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture''. ) ABC-CLIO, 2005: xi, xv. ISBN 978-1-57607-701-6〕 For much of the 15th century, the Taíno tribe was being driven to the northeast in the Caribbean (out of what is now South America) because of raids by the Carib.〔(1492 and Multiculturalism ). 〕 File:Manihot esculenta dsc07325.jpg|Cassava (''yuca'') roots, the Taínos' main crop File:Duho.jpg|''Dujo'', a wooden chair crafted by Taínos. File:Reconstruction of Taino village, Cuba.JPG|Reconstruction of a Taíno village in Cuba File:Parco Cerimoniale Indigeno di Caguana.jpg|Caguana Ceremonial ball court (''batey''), outlined with stones ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pre-Columbian Jamaica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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